In 1886, American painter Childe Hassam (1859-1935)🎨 had moved to France to study figure drawing and painting at the prestigious Académie Julian.
He took advantage of the formal drawing classes with Gustave Boulanger and Jules Joseph Lefebvre🎨, but quickly moved on to self-study, finding that "the Julian academy is the personification of routine...[academic training] crushes all originality out of growing men. It tends to put them in a rut and it keeps them in it", preferring instead, "my own method in the same degree".