When was it decided that January 1st is the new year?

The New Year is the time or day at which a new calendar year begins and the calendar's year count increments by one. Many cultures celebrate the event in some manner.

In the Gregorian calendar, the most widely used calendar system today, New Year occurs on January 1 (New Year's Day, preceded by New Year's Eve).

This was also the first day of the year in the original Julian calendar and the Roman calendar (after 153 BC).

Kike Meana, 1969 | Figurative painter

The works of Spanish painter Kike Meana demonstrate a rigorous interest in drawing.

Meana confronts us with the indoctrinated mass that this society can be and in which we all, in some way, see a reflection of ourselves.

His fantastic urban landscapes, mythical in their atmosphere, light, and colour, as well as the immense panoramic views of Havana, London and Madrid overwhelm the viewer.

Meanwhile, his more intimate pictorial approaches of these big cities show us their daily life and their hidden corners with an equal strength and beauty, even in the hard and intense series´ Metamorphosis and Matadero.

Marlène Dietrich and Édith Piaf

"My Friend Édith Piaf" by Marlène Dietrich

From the autobiographical book Marlène D., 1984

"In my eyes, she really was the sparrow, the little bird whose name she bore.

But she was also Jezebel, whose unquenchable thirst for love must have been due to a feeling of imperfection, her 'ugliness', as she put it -- her delicate, scrawny body, which she sent forth into battle like Circe, the Sirens and Lorelei, the temptress who with her incomparable vitality promised all the pleasures of the world".

Marlene Dietrich ed Édith Piaf, 1952

Vincent Van Gogh | Butterflies series

Butterflies is a series paintings made by Vincent van Gogh in 1889 and 1890.

Van Gogh made at least four paintings of butterflies and one of a moth.

The metamorphosis of the caterpillar into a butterfly was symbolic to Van Gogh of men and women's capability for transformation.

Vincent van Gogh | Butterflies and Poppies | Van Gogh Museum

Giuseppe De Nittis | Vita ed opere

De Nittis Giuseppe (1846-1884) - Nacque a Barletta (Bari) il 25 febbr. 1846, da Raffaele e da Teresa Buracchia. Visse gli anni della sua prima giovinezza nella città natale con i fratelli, dopo la morte di entrambi i genitori.

Compiuti i primi studi con G. B. Calò e con V. Dattoli, iniziò a dipingere trovando ispirazione nella natura, con quell'istintiva gioia e dedizione che saranno le doti primarie del suo operare.

Quindicenne, entrò all'istituto delle belle arti di Napoli, dove studiò sotto la guida di G. Smargiassi e di G. Mancinelli.

Egon Schiele | Quotes / Poems

• "Art cannot be modern. Art is primordially eternal".

• "Bodies have their own light which they consume to live: they burn, they are not lit from the outside".

• "I must see new things and investigate them. I want to taste dark water and see crackling trees and wild winds".

• "At present, I am mainly observing the physical motion of mountains, water, trees and flowers. One is everywhere reminded of similar movements in the human body, of similar impulses of joy and suffering in plants..."

• "I was in love with everything- I wanted to look with love at the angry people so that their eyes would be forced to respond; and I wanted to bring gifts to the envious and tell them that I am worthless.".

Così parlò Zarathustra | Nietzsche, 1885

Così parlò Zarathustra

Parte seconda | Il canto notturno

È notte: solo ora si svegliano tutti i canti degli amanti. E anche la mia anima è il canto di un amante.

Qualcosa di insaziato, insaziabile è in me; che vuole farsi sentire. È in me un desiderio d'amore, che parla il linguaggio dell'amore.

Io sono luce: ah, fossi notte! Ma questa è la mia solitudine, che io sono cinto di luce.

Ah, fossi io oscuro e notturno! Come vorrei attaccarmi alle mammelle della luce!

Caspar David Friedrich | Wanderer above the Sea of Fog, 1818 | Hamburger Kunsthalle, Hamburg

Olga Dugina, 1964 | 1001 Nights

Sheherazade, the king's beautiful wife, is due to be executed at dawn - unless she can convince the king to change his mind.

That night she tells him a wonderful story which, as dawn comes, she leaves unfinished.

"Will you let me live to finish the tale?" she asks.

"Of course", replies the king, "I must know what happens next".

Rabindranath Tagore | Dove la mente è senza paura / Where the mind is without fear

"Dove la mente è senza paura" è una poesia scritta dal premio Nobel (1913) Rabindranath Tagore (1861-1941) prima dell'indipendenza dell'India.

Rappresenta la visione di Tagore di una India nuova e risvegliata.

La poesia originale fu pubblicata nel 1910 e fu inclusa nella raccolta di poesie Gitanjali del 1910.

"Dove la mente è senza paura" è la 35a poesia di Gitanjali ed una delle poesie di Tagore più antologizzate.

Rabindranath Tagore | Dove la mente è senza paura

Dove la mente non è afflitta dalla paura e il capo è tenuto alto,

Dove la conoscenza è libera.

Dove il mondo non si è infranto

in frammenti delimitati da angusti muri domestici.

René Magritte

Charles Dickens | Mr. Pickwick's Christmas

The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club (also known as The Pickwick Papers, 1836) is the first novel by English author Charles Dickens.

The book became a publishing phenomenon, with bootleg copies, theatrical performances, Sam Weller joke books, and other merchandise.

The Pickwick Papers was published in 19 issues over 20 months, and it popularised serialised fiction and cliffhanger endings.

Charles Dickens | The Pickwick Papers, 1836

Chapter 28

And numerous indeed are the hearts to which Christmas brings a brief season of happiness and enjoyment.

How many families, whose members have been dispersed and scattered far and wide, in the restless struggles of life, are then reunited, and meet once again in that happy state of companionship and mutual goodwill, which is a source of such pure and unalloyed delight; and one so incompatible with the cares and sorrows of the world, that the religious belief of the most civilised nations, and the rude traditions of the roughest savages, alike number it among the first joys of a future condition of existence, provided for the blessed and happy!

How many old recollections, and how many dormant sympathies, does Christmas time awaken!

Charles Dickens illustrated by Roberto Innocenti (Italian, 1940)

Christmas with Jenny Nyström

Jenny Eugenia Nyström (1854-1946) was a painter and illustrator mainly known as the creator of the Swedish image of the jultomte on Christmas cards and magazine covers, thus linking the Swedish version of Santa Claus to the gnomes and tomtar of Scandinavian folklore.

Her father was a school teacher and piano teacher, and also the cantor of the Kalmar Castle Church.

When Jenny Nyström was eight years old, the family moved to Gothenburg, where her father had found a better paying teaching job.

Sarah Jarrett | Pop Surrealism painter

Sarah Jarrett is a collage artist and illustrator based in Norfolk, UK.

She is fascinated and inspired by the human relationship with nature and the natural world.

She loves plants, flowers, and color.

Jarrett's ladies are frequently surrounded by flowers, birds and branches, which gives them a lovely surrealistic impression.

William Shakespeare | All the world's a stage / Tutto il mondo è un palcoscenico

"All the world's a stage" is the phrase that begins a monologue from William Shakespeare's pastoral comedy As You Like It (believed to have been written in 1599 and first published in the First Folio in 1623), spoken by the melancholy Jaques in Act II Scene VII Line 139.

The speech compares the world to a stage and life to a play and catalogues the seven stages of a man's life, sometimes referred to as the Seven Ages of Man.

Nicola d'Ascenzo (1871-1954) | Seven Ages of Man, stained glass

Located at the west end of the Old Reading Room, the "Seven Ages of Man" window is by the Philadelphia stained-glass studio of Nicola d'Ascenzo.

Modeled after the stone tracery of the apse window of Stratford's Holy Trinity Church, he stained glass within the stonework depicts the "Seven Ages of Man" that Jaques describes in "As You Like It".

Théophile Deyrolle | Genre painter

Théophile-Louis Deyrolle (16 December 1844, Paris - 14 December 1923, Concarneau) was a French painter, illustrator and ceramicist.

He came from a family of entomologists and naturalists who owned a well-known taxidermy shop in Paris.

Achille and Émile Deyrolle were among his relatives.

Originally, he studied architecture at the École des Beaux-arts.

While working for Joseph Auguste Émile Vaudremer, he met Alfred Guillou who convinced him to give up architecture for painting.

Lisi Martin, 1944 | It's Christmas Time

Spanish illustrator Lisi Martin was born in Barcelona, Catalonia.

She is the younger of 2 children, having an older brother.

She was a quiet child and claims to have started drawing at the age of 4 as a way to express her imagination.

There was no realization in her early years that she had any specific or unusual talent, but she had a clear love for art and continued to pursue it throughout her childhood.

5 Masterpieces from the Hermitage

The State Hermitage Museum / Государственный Эрмитаж has been open to the public since 1852.

It was founded in 1764 when Empress Catherine the Great acquired a collection of paintings from the Berlin merchant Johann Ernst Gotzkowsky.

The museum celebrates the anniversary of its founding each year on 7 December, Saint Catherine's Day.

Caravaggio | Lute-Player, 1595-1596

"The Lute-Player", painted by Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio in 1595-96, is the only work by the famous master in Russia and it is considered without any exaggeration to be one of the gems of the Hermitage Museum collection.

The Hermitage painting is known to have belonged to Marchese Vincenzo Giustiniani.

The Giustiniani collection was put up for sale in Paris and came into the Hermitage in 1808 through the mediation of the director of the Louvre, Dominique Vivan Denon. | © Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg

Caravaggio (Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio) (1571-1610) | The Lute Player, 1596 | Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg

Vincent Van Gogh | A Lane near Arles, 1888

A Lane Near Arles (Allee bei Arles) was painted by Vincent van Gogh in 1888, while he was living in Arles.

It depicts a lane surrounded by trees running between the fields outside Arles, France.

A Lane Near Arles is currently in the collection of the Pommersches Landesmuseum, Greifswald, in Germany.

Vincent van Gogh settled in Arles in 1888 because he wanted "a different light".

Vincent Van Gogh | A Lane Near Arles, 1888 | Pomeranian State Museum Greifswald, Germany

Detlev Nitschke, 1935 | Impressionist painter

The German artist Detlev Nitschke is mainly known for his picturesque scenes and outdoor paintings (plein air), which he developed into designs for calendars and maps.

In 1954 he graduated from school as a lithographer.

He went on to continue his studies at Meisterschule Fur Druck and Graphik.

He later served as the director of a graphic company until 1969 when he opened his own studio.

Pierre-Auguste Renoir in Guernsey, 1883

Between late summer and early autumn of 1883, Pierre-Auguste Renoir spent over a month on the Channel Island of Guernsey, lodging at no. 4 of George Road, St. Peter Port.

The beach of Moulin Huet, and the nearby bay at the east end of the island's rocky south coast within walking distance from his lodgings, provided the inspiration for approximately fifteen paintings, including Rochers de Guernesey avec personnages (plage à Guernesey), alongside Moulin Huet Bay, Guernsey (in the National Gallery, London) and Enfants au bord de la mer Guernsey (in the Barnes Foundation, Pennsylvania).

Pierre-Auguste Renoir | Rochers de Guernesey avec personnages (plage à Guernesey), 1883 | Christie's

Zinaida Serebriakova's 140th Birthday

Russian-born French painter Zinaida Yevgenyevna Serebriakova / Зинаи́да Евге́ньевна Серебряко́ва (1884-1967), born on this day in 1884, 140 years ago, was the First Famous Female Russian Artist.

Zinaida Serebriakova left an indelible mark on her nation’s culture through masterful paintings of the contemporary life and landscapes of her Russian homeland.

Serebriakova was born on an estate in the Kursk Province of Russia (present-day Ukraine) into a lineage full of respected artists.

Hayley Lever| Impressionist painter

Richard Hayley Lever (1876-1958) was an Australian-American painter, etcher, lecturer and art teacher.

His work was part of the art competitions at the 1928 Summer Olympics and the 1932 Summer Olympics.

Richard Hayley Lever was born and brought up in Adelaide, Australia.

He trained as an artist there under the guidance of James Ashton, an English born seascape artist whose son he was later to befriend in St Ives. In 1894 he set sail to Europe to finish his art studies.

Whilst in Paris he studied the human figure under Rene-Francois-Xavier Prinet but showed a natural inclination for open-air subjects and marine pictures.

Sphinx of Naxos

The Sphinx of Naxos, also Sphinx of the Naxians, now in the Archaeological Museum of Delphi, is a 2.22 meter tall marble statue of a sphinx, a mythical creature with the head of a woman, the chest and wings composed of the impressive feathers of a prey bird turned upward, and the body of a lioness.

The Sphinx stood on a 10 meter column that culminated in one of the first Ionic capitals, and was erected next to the Temple of Apollo in Delphi, the religious center of Ancient Greece, in 560 BCE.

The first fragments were excavated from the sanctuary of the Temple of Apollo in 1860. The remainder was found in 1893.

Famous Sculptures of the Galleria Borghese, Rome

The Galleria Borghese Museum houses and displays a collection of ancient sculptures, bas-reliefs and mosaics, as well as paintings and sculptures dating from the 15th through the 19th centuries.

Among the masterpieces of the collection - the first and most important part of which goes back to the collecting of Cardinal Scipione Borghese (1579-1633), nephew of Pope Paul V - are paintings by Caravaggio, Raphael, Titian, Correggio, Antonello da Messina and Giovanni Bellini and sculptures by Gian Lorenzo Bernini and Antonio Canova.

The works are displayed in the 20 frescoed rooms that, together with the portico and the entrance hall, constitute the spaces of the Museum open to the public.

More than 260 paintings are housed in the storerooms of the Galleria Borghese, which are located above the floor of the Pinacoteca and set up like a picture gallery.

Cristoforo Stati (Italian, 1556-1619) | Adone and Venere, XVI-XVII | Installation Galleria Borghese

Anton Chekhov: "Only one who loves can remember so well"

Anton Pavlovich Chekhov / Антон Павлович Чехов (1860-1904) was a Russian playwright and short-story writer.

His career as a playwright produced four classics, and his best short stories are held in high esteem by writers and critics.

Along with Henrik Ibsen and August Strindberg, Chekhov is often referred to as one of the three seminal figures in the birth of early modernism in the theatre.

Chekhov was a physician by profession.

"Medicine is my lawful wife", he once said, "and literature is my mistress".

• "Il ruolo dell'artista è porre domande, non fornire risposte".

• "The role of the artist is to ask questions, not answer them".

Monument to Anton Chekhov and Lady with the Dog | Yalta, Crimea, Ukraine

Ivan Malinowski | Adesso è il momento..!

Adesso è il momento di fare ciò che ti piace.

Non aspettare lunedì, non aspettare domani.

Non fare allungare davanti a te la carovana

di sogni calpestati. Non aspettare.

Non frenarti per paura o viltà.

Non posporre la vita con altra morte,

e non aspettare niente dalla sorte

che non sia più della tua tenacia e della tua energia.

Marc Chagall

Ethel Léontine Gabain (1883-1950)

Ethel Léontine Gabain, later Ethel Copley, was a French-Scottish artist.

Gabain was a renowned painter and lithographer and among the founding members of the Senefelder Club.

While she was known for her oil portraits of actresses, Gabain was one of the few artists of her time able to live on the sale of her lithographs.

She also did etchings, dry-points, as well as some posters.

Fred Appleyard (1874-1963)

Fred Appleyard was a British artist known for his landscape paintings, portraits, classical subjects and allegorical compositions.

He had 41 works exhibited during his lifetime by the Royal Academy and painted the mural Spring Driving Out Winter in the Academy Restaurant.

Appleyard was born in Middlesbrough, England on 9 September 1874, the son of Isaac Appleyard, an iron merchant. His uncle was the sculptor John Wormald Appleyard.

Anaïs Nin: "L'amore non muore mai di morte naturale"..

L'amore non muore mai di morte naturale.

Muore perché noi non sappiamo come rifornire la sua sorgente.

Muore di cecità e di errori e tradimenti.

Muore di malattia e di ferite,

muore di stanchezza, per logorio o per opacità.

Vladimir Kush

6 Masterpieces of the Pinacoteca di Brera

The collection of the Pinacoteca di Brera includes some of the greatest masterpieces of Italian and foreign art from the 13th to the 20th century.

The works are displayed on the first floor of the building, where the Academy of Fine Arts is also located.

The Pinacoteca museum, which opened in 1809 thanks to Napoleon Bonaparte, was born as a collection of the finest works of art and was dedicated to the education of students.

The collection included Italian art masterpieces taken from churches and monasteries that were suppressed at the time when Milan was the capital city of the Kingdom of Italy. | Source: © Pinacoteca di Brera

Antonio Canova (Italian, 1757-1822) | Napoleone come Marte pacificatore / Napoleon as Mars the peacemaker, 1811 (detail) | Pinacoteca di Brera

Vincent van Gogh | The Laundry Boat on the Seine at Asnières, 1887

The Laundry Boat on the Seine at Asnières exemplifies some of the radical directions emerging from the paintings Vincent van Gogh (1853-1890) completed in Paris.

In March 1886, Van Gogh left his native Netherlands to reunite with his brother, Theo, in the French capital.

Soon after, he began meeting with several leading avant-garde artists whose works embodied strong reactions against the Impressionist tendencies that dominated the Parisian art world.

In 1887, Van Gogh took up residence in Asnières, a northwestern suburb of Paris, and his encounters with Signac and Gauguin proved catalytic for the painter's developing practice.

Vincent van Gogh | The Laundry Boat on the Seine at Asnières, 1887 | Virginia Museum of Fine Arts

Gauguin shared Van Gogh's enthusiasm for 19th-century Japanese woodblock prints and emulated their large planes of color in his burgeoning Synthetism and Cloisonnism techniques.

The compositional diagonals and strong contours in this painting recall both the distinctive divisions of the picture plane in Japanese landscapes and Gauguin’s simplified adaptation of these features.

The scene's striking chromatic contrasts and thickly layered brushstrokes also point to Van Gogh's interest in the experiments with complementary colors Seurat and Signac were making in these years.

The restaurant and park scenes and the views of the Seine that Van Gogh completed while living in Asnières began to demonstrate the indelible influence of Synthetism, Divisionism, and Pointillism even as a unique Post-Impressionist style was emerging in his paintings. | Virginia Museum of Fine Arts

Vincent van Gogh | Self-portrait as a painter, 1887-88

The Laundry Boat on the Seine at Asnières esemplifica alcune delle direzioni radicali emerse dai dipinti completati da Vincent van Gogh (1853-1890) a Parigi.

Nel marzo 1886, Van Gogh lasciò la natia Olanda per riunirsi al fratello Theo nella capitale francese.

Poco dopo, iniziò a incontrare diversi importanti artisti d'avanguardia le cui opere incarnavano forti reazioni contro le tendenze impressioniste che dominavano il mondo dell'arte parigino.

Nel 1887, Van Gogh si stabilì ad Asnières, un sobborgo nord-occidentale di Parigi, ed i suoi incontri con Signac e Gauguin si rivelarono catalizzatori per la pratica in via di sviluppo del pittore.

Gauguin condivideva l'entusiasmo di Van Gogh per le stampe xilografiche giapponesi del XIX secolo e ne emulò i grandi piani di colore nelle sue fiorenti tecniche di Sintetismo e Cloisonnisme.

Le diagonali compositive e i forti contorni in questo dipinto richiamano sia le divisioni distintive del piano pittorico nei paesaggi giapponesi sia l'adattamento semplificato di queste caratteristiche da parte di Gauguin.

I contrasti cromatici sorprendenti della scena e le pennellate spesse e stratificate indicano anche l'interesse di Van Gogh per gli esperimenti con colori complementari che Seurat e Signac stavano facendo in quegli anni.

Le scene del ristorante e del parco e le vedute della Senna che Van Gogh completò mentre viveva ad Asnières iniziarono a dimostrare l'influenza indelebile del sintetismo, del divisionismo e del puntinismo, anche se uno stile Post-impressionista unico stava emergendo nei suoi dipinti. | Virginia Museum of Fine Arts

More Asnières paintings by Vincent van Gogh

Vincent van Gogh | The restaurant Rispal in Asnières, 1887 | Museo Nelson-Atkins

Vincent van Gogh | Bridges across the Seine at Asnieres, 1887 | Collezione Bührle

Vincent van Gogh | Fishing in spring the Pont de Clichy (Asnieres), 1887 | Art Institute of Chicago

Vincent van Gogh | River Bank in Springtime, 1887 | Dallas Museum of Art

Vincent van Gogh | Restaurant de la Sirène at Asnières, 1887 | Musée d'Orsay

Vincent van Gogh | Fishing in Spring, the Pont de Clichy (Asnières), 1887 | Art Institute of Chicago

Henri Lebasque | Afternoon Tea on the Terrace in Sainte-Maxime, 1914

Henri Lebasque (1865-1937) first visited the French Riveria in 1906 at the suggestion of his friend Henri Manguin.

In 1924, Lebasque relocated to the region to permanently take advantage of its unparalleled light.

In the intervening years, the artist who would earn the sobriquet "Painter of Joy and Light" returned often.

In 1914, he brought his family to the town of Sainte-Maxime, about halfway between Cannes and St. Tropez.

Here, he would undertake an idyllic series of family portraits set on the terrace of their waterfront house.

Henri Lebasque | Afternoon Tea on the Terrace in Sainte-Maxime, 1914 | Christie's