Lavinia Fontana (1552-1614) was an Italian painter.
She is regarded as the First Woman artist, working within the same sphere as her male counterparts, outside a court or convent.
She was the first woman artist to paint female figures, and was the main breadwinner of a family of 13.
Lavinia Fontana was born in Bologna, the daughter of the painter Prospero Fontana, who was a prominent painter of the School of Bologna at the time and served as her teacher. Continuing the family business was typical at the time.
Her earliest known work, "Monkey Child", was painted in 1575 at the age of 23. Though this work is now lost, another early painting, Christ with the Symbols of the Passion, painted in 1576, is now in the El Paso Museum of Art. She would go on to paint in a variety of genres. Early in her career, she was most famous for painting upper-class residents of her native Bologna, notably noblewomen.
Even as her gender may have hindered her career in a society less accustomed to female artists, it may have made women more comfortable sitting for her.
Her relationships with female clients were often unusually warm; multiple women who sat for portraits painted by Fontana, such as the Duchess of Sora Constanza Sforza Boncompagni, later served as namesakes or godmothers for her children.
She began her commercial practice by painting small devotional paintings on copper, which had popular appeal as papal and diplomatic gifts, given the value and lustre of the metal. In addition to portraits (the typical subject matter for women painters), she later created large scale paintings with religious and mythological themes which sometimes included female nudes. Fontana married Paolo Zappi (alternately spelled Paolo Fappi) in 1577.
She gave birth to 11 children, though only 3 outlived her. After marriage, Fontana continued to paint to support her family. Zappi took care of the household and served as painting assistant to his wife, including painting minor elements of paintings like draperies.
Fontana and her family moved to Rome in 1603 at the invitation of Pope Clement VIII. She gained the patronage of the Boncompagni, of which Pope Gregory XIII was a member. Lavinia thrived in Rome as she had in Bologna and Pope Paul V himself was among her sitters.
She was the recipient of numerous honors, including a bronze portrait medallion cast in 1611 by sculptor and architect Felice Antonio Casoni.
Some of her portraits, often lavishly paid for, have been wrongly attributed to Guido Reni. Chief among these are Venus; The Virgin lifting a veil from the sleeping infant Christ; and the Queen of Sheba visiting Solomon.
Her self-portrait - in youth she was said to have been very beautiful - was perhaps her masterpiece; it belongs to Count Zappi of Imola, the family into which Lavinia married. Fontana's self-portraiture strikes a balance between presenting the artist as a distinguished lady and as a professional artist. This depiction of two coexisting roles was common for sixteenth-century women artists.
While her youthful style was much like her father's, she gradually adopted the Carracciesque style, with strong quasi-Venetian coloring. She was elected into the Accademia di San Luca of Rome, and died in that city on August 11, 1614.
There are over 100 works that are documented, but only 32 signed and dated works are known today. There are 25 more that can be attributed to her, making hers the largest oeuvre for any female artist prior to 1700. Sofonisba Anguissola may have been an influence on her career. | © Wikipedia
While her youthful style was much like her father's, she gradually adopted the Carracciesque style, with strong quasi-Venetian coloring. She was elected into the Accademia di San Luca of Rome, and died in that city on August 11, 1614.
There are over 100 works that are documented, but only 32 signed and dated works are known today. There are 25 more that can be attributed to her, making hers the largest oeuvre for any female artist prior to 1700. Sofonisba Anguissola may have been an influence on her career. | © Wikipedia
Lavinia Fontana (Bologna, 24 agosto 1552 - Roma, 11 agosto 1614) è considerata la prima pittrice professionista della Italia Rinascimentale.
Lavinia era figlia del pittore Manierista Prospero Fontana, nella cui bottega poté attingere, accanto agli insegnamenti del padre, ad una vasta gamma di esperienze pittoriche, emiliane (dal Parmigianino a Pellegrino Tibaldi), venete (Veronese, Jacopo Bassano), lombarde (Sofonisba Anguissola) e toscane.
Presso il padre poté anche frequentare i Carracci (Ludovico, Agostino e Annibale), poco più giovani, ma che non mancarono di influire su di lei.
Si narra che, ricevuta dal pittore Giovan Paolo Zappi la richiesta di sposarlo, la già attempata (25 anni) Lavinia pose la condizione di poter continuare a dipingere. Zappi accettò la cosa, tanto che rinunciò in pratica a lavorare in proprio e assunse il ruolo d'assistente della moglie.
Lavinia Fontana acquistò ben presto, già a Bologna, fama come ritrattista, distinguendosi soprattutto per l'accuratezza dei particolari, come abbigliamento e acconciature, nelle figure femminili. Ma, a differenza di altri artisti, Lavinia non fu monocorde e nella sua opera si incontrano spesso anche soggetti mitologici, biblici e sacri.
Le prime commesse pubbliche che ottenne furono, nel 1584, la Madonna Assunta di Ponte Santo ed i santi Cassiano e Pier Crisologo (Imola, Palazzo comunale) ed un dipinto dell'Assunzione della Vergine per una chiesa bolognese. Ma i successi maggiori le giunsero a Roma dove fu chiamata, pare vincendo una certa sua riluttanza e grazie ai maneggi del marito, dal nuovo papa Gregorio XIII, suo conterraneo, e si trasferì stabilmente nel 1603. Grazie a tale alta protezione, Lavinia eseguì innumerevoli lavori per l'entourage della corte papale (nobiltà romana e rappresentanze diplomatiche) tanto da essere soprannominata «la Pontificia Pittrice».
Come commessa romana Lavinia aveva già eseguito nel 1599 il dipinto della Visione di san Giacinto per il titolo cardinalizio di Santa Sabina. E proprio nella Basilica di San Paolo fuori le mura (collegata al titolo cardinalizio) poco dopo il suo arrivo a Roma dipinse una Lapidazione di Santo Stefano (1604), opera che le valse critiche per le sproporzioni delle figure umane e che andò perduta in un incendio nel 1823.
Ma anche nella sede papale la maggior mole di lavoro che Lavinia Fontana riuscì a svolgere, nonostante il notevole peso delle incombenze domestiche (Lavinia partorì undici figli, di cui otto morirono prematuramente), riguarda i ritratti di diplomatici, personalità e, soprattutto, di nobildonne, tanto da far poi scrivere all'abate Luigi Lanzi che «divenne pittrice di Gregorio XIII; e più che da altri fu ambita dalle dame romane, le cui gale ritrae a meglio che uomo del mondo».
Continuò, comunque, a prodursi in altri soggetti, come la Minerva in atto di abbigliarsi (1613), oggi alla Galleria Borghese di Roma, in cui la dea vergine è sorpresa nuda nell'atto d'indossare il manto (quasi una Venere che indossi gli abiti di Minerva, come parrebbe suggerire Cupido che si gingilla con l'elmo) e guarda maliziosamente verso lo spettatore.
Nell'ultimo periodo della sua vita Lavinia Fontana fu colta da una crisi mistica che nel 1613 la portò a ritirarsi in un monastero, assieme al marito. Morì a Roma nell'agosto dell'anno seguente.
Lavinia realizzò anche numerose sculture di uomini in battaglia in particolare anche con cavalli e altri tipi di bestiame. | © Wikipedia