Petra is a historical and archaeological city in the Jordanian governorate of Ma'an that is known for its rock cut architecture and water conduits system.
Established sometime around the 6th century BC as the capital city of the Nabataeans, it is a symbol of Jordan as well as its most visited tourism attraction.
It lies on the slope of Mount Hor in a basin among the mountains which form the eastern flank of Arabah (Wadi Araba), the large valley running from the Dead Sea to the Gulf of Aqaba.
Petra has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1985.
The site remained unknown to the Western world until 1812, when it was introduced by Swiss explorer Johann Ludwig Burckhardt.
It was described as "a rose-red city half as old as time" in a Newdigate Prize-winning sonnet by John William Burgon. UNESCO has described it as "one of the most precious cultural properties of man's cultural heritage".
"Petra was chosen by the BBC as one of "the 40 places you have to see before you die".
Roman period
In AD 106, when Cornelius Palma was governor of Syria, the part of Arabia under the rule of Petra was absorbed into the Roman Empire as part of Arabia Petraea, and Petra became its capital.
The native dynasty came to an end but the city continued to flourish under Roman rule.
It was around this time that the Petra Roman Road was built.
A century later, in the time of Alexander Severus, when the city was at the height of its splendor, the issue of coinage came to an end.
There was no more building of sumptuous tombs, owing apparently to some sudden catastrophe, such as an invasion by the neo-Persian power under the Sassanid Empire.
Meanwhile, as Palmyra (fl. 130–270) grew in importance and attracted the Arabian trade away from Petra, the latter declined.
It appears, however, to have lingered on as a religious center.
Another Roman road was constructed at the site.
Epiphanius of Salamis (c.315-403) writes that in his time a feast was held there on December 25 in honor of the virgin Khaabou (Chaabou) and her offspring Dushara.
Dushara and al-Uzza were two of the main deities of the city, which otherwise included many idols from other Nabataean deities such as Allat and Manat.
Between 111 and 114 Trajan built the Via Traiana Nova, running from the Syrian border to the Red Sea through Petra.
This road followed the old routes of Nabataean caravans. In the shadow of the Pax Romana, this route revived trade between Arabia, Syria, and Mediterranean harbors.
In 125 AD, one of Emperor Hadrian's administrators left marks in Petra, pointed out by documents found at the Dead Sea.
In 130 AD, Hadrian visited the former Nabataean capital, giving it the name of Hadriānī Petra Metropolis, imprinted on his coins.
His visit, however, did not lead to any boom in development and new buildings as it did in Jerash.
The province's governor, Sextius Florentinus, erected a monumental mausoleum for his son near the end of the al-Hubta (King's Wall) tombs, which had been generally reserved during the Nabataean period for the royal family.
The interest that Roman emperors showed in the city in the 3rd century suggests that Petra and its environs remained highly esteemed for a long time.
An inscription to Liber Pater, a god revered by Emperor Septimius Severus, was found in the temenos of the temple known as Qasr al-Bint, and Nabataean tombs contained silver coins with the emperor's portrait, as well as pottery from his reign.
Emperor Elagabalus declared Petra to be a Roman colony, when he reorganized the Roman Empire towards the end of the 3rd century.
The area from Petra to Wadi Mujib, the Negev, and the Sinai Peninsula were annexed into the province of Palaestina Salutaris.
Petra may be seen on the Madaba mosaic map from the reign of Emperor Justinian. | Source: © Wikipedia
Nel 106 d.C., quando Cornelio Palma era governatore della Siria, la parte dell'Arabia sotto il dominio di Petra fu assorbita nell'Impero Romano come parte dell'Arabia Petraea, e Petra divenne la sua capitale.
La dinastia nativa giunse al termine, ma la città continuò a prosperare sotto il dominio romano.
Fu in questo periodo che fu costruita la strada romana di Petra. Un secolo dopo, al tempo di Alessandro Severo , quando la città era all'apice del suo splendore, l'emissione di monete giunse al termine.
Non si costruirono più tombe sontuose, apparentemente a causa di qualche catastrofe improvvisa, come un'invasione da parte del potere neo- persiano sotto l'Impero sasanide.
Nel frattempo, mentre Palmira (fl. 130270) cresceva in importanza es attirava il commercio arabo lontano da Petra, quest'ultima declinò. Sembra, tuttavia, che sia rimasta un centro religioso.
Un'altra strada romana fu costruita sul sito.
Epifanio di Salamina (c.315-403) scrive che ai suoi tempi si teneva lì una festa il 25 dicembre in onore della vergine Khaabou (Chaabou) e della sua prole Dushara.
Dushara e al-Uzza erano due delle principali divinità della città, che altrimenti includeva molti idoli di altre divinità nabatee come Allat e Manat.
Tra il 111 e il 114 Traiano costruì la Via Traiana Nova, che andava dal confine siriano al Mar Rosso attraverso Petra.
Questa strada seguiva le vecchie rotte delle carovane nabatee.
All'ombra della Pax Romana, questa rotta fece rivivere il commercio tra Arabia, Siria e porti del Mediterraneo.
Nel 125 d.C., uno degli amministratori dell'imperatore Adriano lasciò tracce a Petra, evidenziate da documenti trovati nel Mar Morto.
Nel 130 d.C., Adriano visitò l'ex capitale nabatea, dandole il nome di Hadriānī Petra Metropolis, impresso sulle sue monete.
La sua visita, tuttavia, non portò a nessun boom nello sviluppo e nei nuovi edifici come accadde a Jerash.
Il governatore della provincia, Sestio Florentino, fece erigere un monumentale mausoleo per il figlio vicino all'estremità delle tombe di al-Hubta (Muro del Re), che durante il periodo nabateo erano generalmente riservate alla famiglia reale.
L'interesse che gli imperatori romani mostrarono per la città nel III secolo suggerisce che Petra e i suoi dintorni rimasero molto stimati per molto tempo.
Un'iscrizione a Liber Pater, un dio venerato dall'imperatore Settimio Severo, fu trovata nel temenos del tempio noto come Qasr al-Bint, e le tombe nabatee contenevano monete d'argento con il ritratto dell'imperatore, così come ceramiche del suo regno.
L'imperatore Eliogabalo dichiarò Petra una colonia romana, quando riorganizzò l'Impero romano verso la fine del III secolo.
L'area da Petra a Wadi Mujib, il Negev e la penisola del Sinai furono annessi alla provincia di Palaestina Salutaris.
Petra può essere vista sulla mappa a mosaico di Madaba del regno dell'imperatore Giustiniano.
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